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Packaging materials refer to the various substances and materials used to contain, protect, and preserve products during storage, handling, and transportation. They play a critical role in ensuring product safety, extending shelf life, and providing essential product information to consumers. Common packaging materials include plastics (such as polyethylene and polypropylene), paper (for boxes, bags, and wrapping), glass (for bottles and jars), metal (for cans and foil), and composite materials (combining multiple materials for strength, barrier properties, and cost efficiency). These materials are selected based on factors such as the product type (food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics), the required level of protection (e.g., tamper-evident, moisture-resistant), and environmental concerns (e.g., recyclable or biodegradable). In addition to their protective function, packaging materials are also used for branding and marketing, with printing and labeling adding consumer-facing details.